Known for his ability to push the boundaries of materials and spatial concepts, Kengo Kuma has become a leading figure in contemporary architecture. As the recipient of the 2024 DFA Lifetime Achievement Award, Kuma’s work reflects his belief in “erasing architecture”— an approach that seeks to dissolve the physical and psychological boundaries between built structures and their natural surroundings.
Kengo Kuma’s architectural approach is also one that respects the natural world and human-scale intimacy, setting his work apart from the monumentalism that has defined much of modern architecture. His designs are rooted in Japanese traditions, particularly the practice of creating small, intimate spaces that foster connection with the natural environment.
In his keynote lecture during the BODW 20224 Summit titled “Harmonising Nature and Architecture”, Kuma explored how materials, particularly natural ones like wood and fabric, can be used to create spaces that connect deeply with their environment. His latest project, the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum in Lisbon was presented as an exemplary work of this philosophy. In this interview, let’s explore his innovative use of materials, and his reflections on the evolving role of technology and design in shaping the cities of tomorrow.
What can the world learn from Japanese architecture, particularly in terms of design simplicity and its connection to nature?
Kengo Kuma: In Japan, we face limited land and scarce natural resources, which has led us to focus on creating intimate, small spaces. These conditions have shaped our approach to architecture. In the 20th century, the focus was on building bigger spaces and taller structures—”bigness” defined the era. However, now, as we focus on sustainability, there is much to be learned from the small, efficient spaces that Japan has developed. These spaces can offer solutions for the future, where smallness is a key to addressing the challenges of the modern world.
How do you see natural materials playing a role in the future of architecture?
Kengo Kuma: In the 21st century, we still rely on concrete and steel due to their efficiency. However, I am increasingly interested in using more natural materials. Wood, for example, has traditionally been used for cladding, but I believe we can take it further—using wood in structural elements, even in the foundations of buildings. New technology makes this possible. I’m also exploring softer materials like fabric, which can offer entirely new possibilities in architectural design. One of the materials we’re using now is carbon fibre, which is lighter than steel yet stronger. It’s an exciting direction for us.
What is the relationship between architecture and industrial design?
Kengo Kuma: I’m deeply interested in industrial design because it allows me to focus on small-scale objects. Skyscrapers, for example, are too large and impersonal. They lack intimacy. We, as humans, have lived in smaller, more intimate spaces—like caves or forests. Designing smaller, industrial products allows us to explore a new way of living with small items. I believe smallness is a key theme for future design, not just in buildings but in everyday objects as well.
Artificial intelligence is a major topic in the design world right now. How do you think AI will impact architecture and the broader design industry in the future?
Kengo Kuma: AI is already a useful tool in architecture, helping us find solutions and generate ideas. It can propose solutions that we, as humans, can evaluate and choose from. The key is not to be controlled by AI, but to use it as a tool. As long as we maintain control over the process, AI can be an incredibly powerful asset in architecture. For example, at the upcoming Venice Biennale, we are designing pavilions based on the theme of AI and wood, which reflects the intersection of technology and natural materials.
What advice would you give to young architects, particularly in finding their unique architectural expression?
Kengo Kuma: Young architects, especially in Asia, have a bright future ahead in this new era. Western design, rooted in industrialisation and economic growth, is now reaching its limits. As populations shrink and economies slow, Asia can offer a new model for society. The history of Asia is far older than Europe’s, and this rich history provides many valuable lessons for the future of design. Young architects should learn from this history and use it to shape innovative, meaningful architecture that addresses the needs of tomorrow’s world.
Interview: Iko In
Article: Lily Wong
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